Issue攻略 出国留学 zz

5.直接陈述观点＋立场
直接同意（不同意）作者的观点
I fundamentally/strongly agree/disagree with the speaker on the assertion/allegation/claim that…
举例：I can agree with the statement above that, "The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things. "  The statement  is an accurate description of how many people form great ideas from ordinary things in life. Sports are all great ideas that are made from commonplace things.  What makes sports some of the best ideas is not what they began as but what they evolved into.
6、引用
As one of the famous philosophers ever writes, “the dream leads our sights toward the future, and the practice make our sense recognize how far away we still have to strive for.
7、新颖的开头（推荐大牛使用）
Even the most brilliant thinkers, from Socrates to Satre, live lives in time. A childhood, an adolescence, an adulthood; these are common to me and you as well as the greatest writers. Furthermore, many of the great thinkers we esteem in our Western culture lived somewhat uneventful lives. What distinguished their life from say a common laborer was their work. Therefore, what provided the grist for their work? One might say that they were brilliant and this alone was sufficient to distinguish their lives from the masses. Intellect alone can not devise situations or thoughts from no where; there must be a basis and that basis is most common, if not always, observation of the common, of the quotidian. Critics of this idea may argue that these thinkers were products of fine educations and were well schooled in the classics. This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge. I would argue that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature. Where best to study human nature than in the day to day routine each one of us can witness in him or herself or those around us.
其实为节省时间，1、2、3、5这样的开头我们用的比较多，实战中2、3分钟就可以搞定。具体说哪个更好，David认为还是看题目和自己实际情况，模板在不断写作中变化，但到了中期最好定下来，不要再花心思来变了，没有什么意义。

C.结尾的写法
（1）总结重申观点
（2）提出尚待履行的措施，建议等。
（3）为了给读者留下深刻的印象，我们应该除了使用中国人都用的模板以外，自己应该加入一些精辟、美妙的词汇。
模板：
Without A,.....;Without B,.....;Thus,....（双without，这个在范文学习中David将会提到）
In sum, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that...
In conclusion, I hope it has been shown that---
In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole, thus becoming more persuasive than anyone of them. So, any thinking person must believe that....
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that---
Consequently, due to analysis and reasons mentioned above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that--

D．BODY部分的写法
David这里也需要说一下，既然是中国人的应试教学，David的确没有能力把你们教的一个一个文采飞扬，但是David所用的方法是借鉴前人和自己的一些总结，实用性强。
首先我们简单介绍几个常见的信号词，ETS除了从内容判断文章结构启承转合以外，再就是取悦于E－rater这个判分软件的信号词。一般国人写作水平不是很好，因此这些信号词相对很重要，千万不要在考场打错了，检查时也要仔细检查的就是这些被ETS认可的信号词：
In the first place / To begin with/Firstly
In the second place / In addition /Secondly
Last but not least / Moreover / Furthermore / What’s more/Finally/Thirdly

优点分层法：
通俗的说几个好处就是几个支持TS的论点。
这种写法如果单纯从正面来写出三个支持TS的段落，恐怕让ETS极度乏味，当然如果你是大牛，你的论证方式丰富的话自然就不用听David啰嗦。事实上，一篇好的Issue文章，不仅要摆出自己的论点及支持的论据，同时也要指出自己的漏洞所在，学会让步。因此我们常常必然会将这种说法进行变化，变成两个优点和一个缺点，很多人担心这么做会weaken论证的说服力，但事实上这种担心是完全没有必要的。相反，这种写法更能加强说服力。ETS也认可这种写法，因此我们没有任何理由拒绝这种写作方法，在这个写法中我们务必注意一点就是很多参考书包括孙老师的范文，把Admittedly放在第二段，事实上，这极不符合美国人的逻辑思维，因此David强烈建议大家写作的时候按照David给的模板操作：
In the first place …/To begin with
In the second place …/Furthermore/In addition
Admittedly / However, it should be admitted (confessed) that / However, there is no denying that…

举举例子说说吧，顺便也讲讲写作思路的展开。
issue41.“Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.”研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜学和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为他们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。
题目告诉我们：非主流文化在社会中起到很重要的作用。好，我们尝试用比较双方观点的方式开头：

The author asserts that the nonmainstream areas of inquiry play a considerable part 这个结构记下来，它和题目中的play a vital role in一起将来在大家的写作中必然要用的for its satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 复述主题Critics of this idea argue that mainstream science could not be weighted.反面的观点，个人认为可以不要As for me, however, I will contend that 你的观点nonmainstream areas of inquiry are beneficial to the society to some extent 非主流文化是有益于社会//in that 引出两个原因，而这两个原因恰恰是下文的两个分论点such areas of inquiry can not only comfort human beings能够安慰人 but they can also freely explain some phenomena which the mainstream could not explain解释现象.
第二段：To begin with信号性标志词//, one of the major functions of the nonmainstream areas of inquiry is to comfort people who hold no confidence in their future.论点一：非主流文化的作用之一是能够抚慰那些对将来不抱有信心的人。In this sense they strongly resemble the religions://类比论证，而且大家看到这里有个冒号，这暗示下文是对冒号前的同义重复，这个大家在学习填空的时候能够学到 both serve as the spiritual home for individuals after they are torn by psychological frustrations imposed by the reality. 举例论证Take the famous movie "Ghost" as an example.后面是展开，此处省略。Under this circumstance, it is obvious that we benefit from the nonmainstream areas of inquiry.总结，在这里很多人忽视这个总结，David觉得很不好，尽管这句话只是对TS的总结，但是从论证角度讲，这叫作有始有终。
第三段：From a practical point of view典型模板的套话//, as a part of human nature, the longing for the unknown and the inclination to conduct and explanation that is blessed to get the public acknowledgement.一句引语，看见下面however，知道真正的TS在后面。 Common sense tells us that the most convincing way is subjected to the mainstream science, however, when the mainstream cannot afford or be available同义重复, the rest approach is to turn to nonmainstream for help to satisfy people’s insatiable appetite. TS重复In other words, nonmainstream areas of inquiry could understudy the role of mainstream science in the germinal phase.
第四段：There is no denying that overemphasizing the importance of 可用作你的模板内容//inquiring nonmainstream should prevent people from actively struggle against fate or making effort for better future.提出一点弱点，但要记住你提出这样一个观点，后面一定要展开，有些考生不注重或者说没有足够的时间来写这一段，如果实战中没有时间展开，不妨删掉这一段。如果写了，就要展开，这个是ETS的要求。其实，展开很简单，举个身边的小例子一句话带过就可以。
第五段：写总结。In conclusion, I hope it has been shown that….
这个文章的作者是一位实战中至少得了4分的作文，拿出来讲的目的就是增加一下大家的信心，连这样烂的文章也能得4？但这是事实，以后我们讲连续分析两篇6分ETS给的范文，我们好好体会6分的魅力所在：感受范文结构特点和论证方式，同时介绍怎样收集好词靓句。这里先不过多解释。

再举些例子来加强一下优点分层法的认识：
ISSUE167：It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.对于一个英名的政治领导者来说，总是坦白是不可能的。彻底的诚实对于一个政治家来说是无用的美德。
1）一个有效的领导人在外交场合，必须对自己的语言谨慎，不能泄漏国家机密。举经济政治军事领导人的例子2）为了保持社会稳定，一个有城府的领导人必须三缄其口，不能对公众表白。比如说：地震信息和政府裁员的提案3）承认的是，一个英名领导人必须诚实。
ISSUE235： "Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."大多数人被告知忠诚是一种美德。但是无论是对朋友、对学校、对单位还是对任何机构，忠诚时常都是弊大于利的。
1）夫妻之间或者情侣之间需要一定程度的信任才能久远，忠诚是这种信任主要部分2）公司员工之间也要彼此相互信任，没有这种信任的基础社会生产效率将必然停止3）主权国家之间没有相互的信任将会导致战争4）过分的忠诚负面作用：如对犯罪分子忠诚必然招致杀身之祸
一般来说在ISSUE中绝大多数题目都可以用这种方法搞定，题目中出现SHOULD字眼的不用想其它的，直接套用这个原则就可以，即支持的两个原因和一个缺陷。

二选一之双选：
GRE作文题目中会出现很多要求考生做“二选一”的选择，比如：
ISSUE99."In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."在任何生活领域中－无论是学术、社会、商业、还是政治－获得成功的唯一道路就是采取现实的而不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的选择所取代。
我们不难发现文章由于是“二选一”，即在现实和理想中作个选择。因而广大考生可以有三种响应倾向：选A，选B或A＋B。因此我们可以提炼出两种基本模式：
模式一：单选，但是由于GRE作文大凡开放式的话题，很少有东西“全坏”或“全好”，所以奉劝各位考生尽量学会使用“双选”模式，但是，还是那句话，如果你是大牛，你们可以去尝试用“单选”，它往往让你的作文“个性化”。模式二：双选：1）选A的基本理由和好处；2）选B的基本理由和好处；3）A和B同时兼备的好处。
好，下面将上文的提纲列在下面大家体会一下：
1）实际的主义将对社会有一个直接的贡献.可以举社会、商业和经济中的例子2）理想主义给予我们希望和激情，从而帮助我们实现一些长期的目标。举例：正是古人畅想能有一天在天空中自有飞翔，登上月球3）理想和现实相辅相成，这两者都能推动人类文明进步

方方面面法：
ISSUE中很多文章都是单一结论类，或者顶多后面附加背景或原因，让考生自己定夺的话题。这类是ISSUE最多最难的题，而且在这里没有上述那么简单可行的模式可以套用。这类文章一部分我们常常可以采用方方面面论证方法，即分别就各个领域选取3个不同性质的方面配合事例论证来实现。具体操作，请看如下范例：
ISSUE97:It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people’s lives.虽然很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
我们攻其一点：政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。1）经济生活：主权国家间签订最惠国待遇后，人们可以自由进出口自己的产品，从而提高农民生活水平2）文化生活：在一个自由的政治氛围内，作家们才能够客观公正的评论现任政府3）科研领域：免签证将会吸引更多的优秀学生在拥有世界最领先科技的国家学习和生活，从而更快的提高整个人类的科研水平
ISSUE177：The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
1)        As for astronomy－Copernics
2)        Geography－Columbus
3)Medical field－superstition
如果大家觉得这些还不够的可以考虑东方老师讲过的题目分层法，插入中介法，打外围法，事实上，David个人认为，上面的方法足够用了。

E. 素材的选择和论证的展开
我们考生有了这么上面的框架以后，于是大家就会问道这个三句话的提纲怎么写？如何将每一段的中心句展开论述呢？如何选择素材呢？这三个问题是初学者面临的最大问题，但是我们讲经过一定量的训练，包括David的讲解和大家自己的努力以后，就可以做到得心应手了。好，下面具体谈谈我们该怎么来处理这些问题。
首先，一定要读，读什么呢？我们讲最权威的莫过于ETS公布的五分和六分的范文，这里David带着大家详细的分析两篇范文，具体看看作者每段的中心句是从那里入手的？每一段作者又是如何展开论述的？
"In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly over-rated. We need more generalists - people who can provide broad perspectives."
"今天，各行各业的专家数量严重过剩；我们的社会，需要更多的拥有广泛知识的通才。"
专家和通才的关系，题目认为："专家过多，需要通才"。范文分析参考猴哥[2]
第一段：背景开头，提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。
In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. （建议背诵）
第二段： 专家是必要的。
Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media.（提出本段TS，紧接着是个引用论证）As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase): "I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focused individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had强调句. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us. （下面是总结上面的引用）
第三段：没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。
典型的反过来说（ets认为这样可以使文章丰满），和上一个自然段是一个意思。上一段是"专家很重要"，这一段从另一角度来讲，即没有专家，我们的社会就不能发展。"字数就是这样写出来的。记住这个方法。
Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload.（比喻） While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the knowledge in any given area.
第四段：过度专业化的危害一
On the other hand, over specialization means narrow focii in which people can lose the larger picture. （本段TS）No one can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. （toe-nails进行模拟论证）Simply throwing out various discoveries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.
第五段：过度的专业化的危害二
Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universal issues. Generalists and only generalists （如此强调）can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. With specialization, each person focuses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for the greater good of all.
第六自然段：过度专业化的危害三：在生活和工作中容易产生人们的隔阂。
Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization. （中心句，紧接着就是举例） People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least by university) and must consciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focused and generally poorly-educated individuals, but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.
第七段：总结
等于是把首段再反说一遍。首段："专家和通才都关键"，末段"没有了通才，社会不行，没有了专家，社会也不行"。背诵下面一段，这种文体的结尾，肯定没有问题。
Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and fora a for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.

Reader Comment on 6
ETS的评价，可以看出，他们判分，是从前面我们注意的三个方面进行的。
1、文章内容（完整性，观点明确，论证充足。多举例子）
2、文章结构（条理性，
3、文章文采（句子多样性）
This outstanding response displays insightful analysis, meticulous development, impressive vocabulary and a mastery of the elements of effective writing. The writer disagrees with the stated opinions by arguing that specialists and generalists are both vital: specialists prevent us from becoming "bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload," while generalists provide help to see "the big picture" and, unlike specialists, protect our "greater good."这些都是内容描述的完整性的评价
The essay is carefully constructed throughout, enabling the reader to move effortlessly from point to point as the writer examines the multi-faceted implications of the issue and provides compelling reasons and examples to support the premise and take the argument to an effective conclusion文章结构的条理性。
Although other "6" responses may not be as eloquent as this essay, they nevertheless all display the test taker's ability to articulate complex ideas effectively and precisely.文采流畅。

范文分析参考[14]
                                                                                 
Even the most brilliant thinkers, from Socrates to Satre,很有代表性的例子live lives in time. A childhood, an adolescence, an adulthood; （这个友好的标志表明上下文重复，想写长一个句子，不妨可以试试）these are common to me and you as well as the greatest writers. Furthermore, many of the great thinkers we esteem in our Western culture lived somewhat uneventful lives. What distinguished their life from say a common laborer was their work. Therefore, what provided the grist for their work? （修辞－反问方式提出主题，多有逻辑啊，漂亮的很，推荐学习）。One might say that they were brilliant and this alone was sufficient to distinguish their lives from the masses.（这是一种论证方式，即先介绍一种反方观点，在反驳它来引出自己的观点或是加强自己的观点）Intellect alone can not devise situations or thoughts from no where; there must be a basis and that basis is most common,（这句话可以学习，ETS认为这种类似的结构严谨）if not always, observation of the common, of the quotidian. Critics of this idea may argue that these thinkers were products of fine educations and were well schooled in the classics.（反方观点，再驳斥吗？请看下文）This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge. I would argue（这个地方可以换成contend等，毕竟已经出现一次了）that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature.（作者的观点，这里没有直接写common，而用来一个相当地道的词human nature.至此，我们不得不钦佩这些老外的英文功底）Where best to study human nature than in the day to day routine each one of us can witness in him or herself or those around us.
（第一段：这个开头不建议大家去模仿，可以讲，短短两月很难做到这个水平，学习这个段落中的一些结构和论证方法是可以的。具体的说：作者在介绍背景的同时，反驳了两种观点，同时提出自己的观点，回应题目。在这个过程中，作者很有目地的覆盖了the complexity of this issue，请大家好好体会。当然，唯一美中不足的是，他没有考虑the passionate interests.）
I propose that the two best disciplines to understand this power of the commonplace and its ability to cause a groundswell of thought are philosophy and literature. （建议背诵，举例的方式）Every school of philosophy, from the Greeks to our day, share a common mission or intent and that is to understand and explain human existence, with all of its concomitant features. Generally speaking, the Greek philosophers, epitomized in Aristotle, attempted to set down rules for human behavior founded on logic. （大家可以看看黑体部分的写法，第一个From...to...从古到今；第二个epitomized in sb.举出一个典型人物，类似的说法还有typical of sb.很值得模仿）These rules applied not only to the rare forms of human behavior but largely focused on the more mundane motions of daily life. Many of Aristotle's rules were based on his observations of others as well as himself.（这个地方David有必要说一下举例的问题，我们举例子并不是为了举例而举例，尽管我们大张旗鼓的写了一个ETS青睐的信号词。但是，我们的例子一定要把问题说清楚，用例子说服别人，体会一下其它范文的写法。）Contrast this venture with the existentialists of our century who attempted to look behind the real motivations of human behavior as well understand man's relation to the Universe. To do this（这种连接很好，同样的有by doing so）, what did these philosophers do? They studied those around them; they submerged themselves in the commonplace, in cities with hordes of anonymous people.（点题，great idea的基础都是common places）While the existentialists, as well those philosophers before, exploited their uncommon education and intellect, the basis for their movement was ordinary human behavior and existence.（顺便又反驳一下反方观点，再次点题）
（这段值得大家虚心学习的在于举例子的论证的过程）
Finally, literature is similar to philosophy in that it seeks to explain and understand human behavior and therefore rooted in the commonplace.（提出TS。另外例子间有比较。David补充一下，我们在谈到两个类似话题时，不管是在一段段内也好，另一个自然段也罢，我们可以用这样一个结构将它们有机的连接起来When it comes to…, it is the same）Nevertheless, （一个转折）its relative strength over philosophy is literature's ability to emotionally and spiritually move the reader through the use of contrived situations and fictional characters. It can do this when even the central theme of a piece maybe love between a man and a woman. （这个例子很平凡，但真的是无比伟大，有什么可以比过男欢女爱呢，love多有代表性啊，谁都需要love）Literature also distinguishes itself from philosophy in that the breadth of the fiction may be huge. The plot and the detail can be quite ordinary or fantastic. However, this does not mean that the central themes of all literature, whether ordinary or fantastic, deal with human beings and the problems they find in the world, something which we all share.
这段不提倡大家去模写，很多转折词的存在对于一个新手很容易本末倒置，David思想很保守，一段一个观点，一般为了论证新颖，可以段首树立一个反方观点，然后However转到自己要说的，个人认为除非你准备好了，这篇文章你平时写的很熟，考场上你可以游刃有余，但大多考生都会说准备一大堆都没有用上，所以大家不如把一种写法写熟，到考场不至于慌乱）
In conclusion, I hope it has been shown that a passionate desire to understand and explain human behavior, the significance of our existence and deal constructively with the challenges of life are the centerpieces of at least in two of the most influential areas in human thought.（结尾朴实无华，值得学习，事实上，David的结尾从这里开始模仿的）What is more commonplace than the existence of man.

同时，David还把论证方法也穿插到这里讲，比如说分析范文时出现了举例论证，好我们就讲讲怎么举例子展开论述？
第一，我们可以举名人的例子。有那么二十几个大牛和他们的事迹，大家一定要做到信手拈来，比如说：Issue142The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会才会繁荣昌盛。我们就可以举伽利略跑到那个遥遥欲坠的塔上扔下两个小球，结果推翻了当时的大牛亚里士多德的“重的物体下落快”的理论，科学界发生了翻天覆地的变化。
第二，可以举身边的例子。我们讲GRE写作的素材一部分来源于自己的专业背景和平时的积累，身边的例子说清楚就是好例子，当然这些例子还可以是编的。
第三，在举例子的时候，尽量避免涉及到敏感话题，尤其是政治和宗教。比如说我们最好不要去评价甚至批判美国的“虐囚事件”。
第四，常见的举例子模板for example/for instance/take … as an example/…is a case in point/ …serves as an apt illustration/ In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example/common sense tells us that 等等。好，举完例子以后如果你觉得不够充分，可以继续说说例子，当然，如果字数太少，我们可以再举个例子，套用如下句型when it comes to ....，it is the same.这样的过度也可以用在段与段中间，大家以后可以体会到。这种展开方式用的最多，也比较容易学，所以David还会用45个左右的题目来讲解。
再说说引用论证方法：
第一，引用名人名言。这个将很有说服力，而且往往一句名人名言，就可以引出一段，字数就上来了。David会给大家一些电子文档的补充，其中就列出了常用的、容易记住的名人名言。
第二，引用一些普通人的话，这些人普通到连我们自己都不知道是谁，怎么会这样呢？原来这些人和事迹都是我们自己“创造”的，但是我们要把他们具体化，让ETS知道是谁，怎么做呢？我们可以这么来写，可以这么写：我们药学院的药理学的一位头头说....。这种用别人的嘴说出自己想说的话，说服力要比自己直接说出来强，而且显得文章论证手段多。
第三，我们注意一点，在一篇文章中不要频繁引用，因为这会让老外认为你没有创意。引用别人的话一定有（and I paraphrase），否则ETS认为你侵权，她倒不会和你对簿公堂，而是直接当作弊处理，所以大家务必注意一下。
第四，闪光句式As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase): /Newton ever said, If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.接下来是反证法 ：即如果不这样做，会有什么样的后果。 比如前面提到的“专家过多，需要通才”，如果要驳斥这个观点“专家虽然多了，但还不够，真正有用的，还是专家。”，就可以使用反证法。如果没有专家，将会是一个什么样子。without...还有假定论证法：如Image that…/Suppose that…/How can one image that…/Were(Had) it not…(虚拟)。另外常见的论证方法还有因果（cause-and-effect）、对比（contrast）与对照（comparison）、定义（definition）、分类（classification）等论证方法。

其次就是背诵，David不赞成大家把《新概念四》全部背，我们没有那个精力，也没有那个必要，但是从绝对功利的角度来看，重点背诵人文社科，政治经济，美学艺术类的文章。有十几篇文章在心，David觉得就足够了。重点推荐文章2，3，5(*),6(*),8,11(*),15,16(*),19，22(*)，24(*)，25，28，32，33(*)，34(*)，36，39，44，46（新版新概念 *为必背）。另外，可以看看孙远老师的工具箱，和别人一样，David个人就是将其中黑体字部分拿来背，至少是做到记得很熟。不管是《新概念四》还是孙老师的工具箱，他们不仅可以当作写作素材来用，而且也可以模仿里头的句式。但是大家务必记住了，考试的时候一定记得改写，把他们变成自己的写作风格，否则就很可能被当成雷同处理了，历史上有过这样血的教训。另外，David还可以提供一些名言以电子版形式发给大家，大家有选择的看，能用多少是多少。

最后，就是充分利用Internet，大家可以到[url]www.google.com[/url]上搜索一些材料。
补充几个常见可以帮助习作的网站。
1.[url]www.google.com[/url] 一定要自己经常使用google来查英文资料
2. [url]www.165net.com/trans/chinese/instant.htm[/url] 联通国际即时翻译
3. [url]http://dict.die.net/[/url] 一个可以查很多定义的网站，很有用！比如你可以查politics/morality
4. [url]http://bbs.putclub.cn/bbs/index.php?s=&[/url] 普特英语听力论坛，很多有用的资料和讨论，不仅仅是听力方面的
5. [url]http://www.lawspirit.com/2002/select/address/[/url] 美国历届总统就职演说
6. [url]http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/default.htm[/url] 中国外交部网站
7. [url]http://www.artsea.net/Index.asp[/url] 艺海拾贝，对艺术类issue有用，虽然不是英文的，对陶冶情操也有用
8. [url]http://s9.com/biography/search.html[/url] 可以查询一些名人的生平的网站
9. [url]http://www.nobel.se/nobel/index.html[/url] Nobel奖的一些情况，查询很容易

F.如何写作
这个问题David只能说说David这个笨人的学习方法，大家不要笑话，David把ISSUE244个题目全部用英文写了提纲，而且当时工作量很大，一边复习阅读，一边写提纲，一天10个ISSUE，而且每个提纲都包括例子，等你们写的时候就知道了，很累人的工作。
（1）素材的选择：前面讲过不予赘述。
（2）写作的时候一般你刻意的想想David下一句改用什么句式：简单句，强调句，倒装句，定语从句结构，插入语等等。把自己的模板加上去，这样你可能写的会很慢，但是时间长了，你写的东西基本就定式了，自然就快了。复习的时候建议和阅读一起复习，这样互相促进，我们也适当研究一下《杨鹏难句》，学习一些句法，不要贪多，够用就行。另外，我们写作的时候，一定要让别人改，然后自己去总结提高。David建议大家结成修改小组，不要瞧不起别人，不要认为自己的东西别人会和你冲突，没有那么巧合的事情，尽管凡是都有例外。这样做很好，一方面可以从别人那里学习，提高自己水平；另一方面，别人可以给你一些你看不到的缺点和偏差，David写作后期，基本天天在网站交流，每天除了自己写，还用大量时间修改别人的文章，David觉得作用很大。
（3）我们自己写完文章后，对照平时的词汇积累，包括从GRE阅读中学来的无比强大复杂的结构，把你的文章修改一下，也可以总结自己的，但是考虑到大家时间不多，我们讲究实用性，本文的目的也就是让大家走走捷径，David这里有个附录，上面有一些换词的总结，大家可以借鉴。另外，David务必纠正大家一个普遍错误观念，那就是自己发觉文章中用来用去常就是那么几个词，这时不要感到绝望，这是个好兆头，说明你已经逐步建立起自己的风格和个性，之所以你觉得厌倦，是因为你将它操练的太熟的缘故，因而看看别人的好象比自己用词新颖别致，其实别人也说不准在为自己的文章词汇枯竭而烦恼着呢！到了考场上，ETS的阅卷人又没看过你以前的文章，完全不会有你的这种感觉，相反好些你觉得已经用的“太烂”的词汇反而对他有一种“眼睛一亮”的感觉，因为你用的是如此富有“个性”。

G.David的句式总结
来源于GRE阅读真题和范文，大家不要偷懒，尽管很实用，但只是抛砖引玉而已，很多工作需要自己去做，当然有些迫在眉睫的大哥你们自己看着用吧。David给出的是原文，可能有些是难句，大家不用管他，关键是句式结构，黑体部分。
（1）Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court record is to be preferred.
（2）It is true that a light proportion of the newly farmed land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability to farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.
（3）Improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas (that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis.)
（4）As the head of pharmacology of my university once said (and I paraphrase)…
（5）This illustrates the point that…
（6）I do believe that…
（7）No matter how the impact occurred, it is clear that since its very advent, the media have played a crucial role not simply being representative of the values of our society, but it can also create them.
（8）By doing so/To do this,
（9）Only in case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
（10）Only when the earth as a whole is so polluted that life itself becomes increasingly difficult for a majority of the world’s people will there likely be the political will to force global environmental laws on governments worldwide.
（11）Two reasons for this… seem obvious/salient. First…second
（12）There had to be another cause, and there was, the media.
（13）Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning.., argue that..
（14）It is frequently assumed that
（15）The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate【:】 the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump.
（16）Understanding…is the first/primary step to obtain advancement in the struggle effort to bring the world together in a way that will benefit mankind today and tomorrow.
（17）Everyone is aware of the horrible facts【:】 school systems are running out of money, teachers can not spell; students cannot read; high school graduates can not even find U.S.A on the map.
（18）From that science will come the realization that despite technology, man does not exercise dominion over nature.
（19）Doing part-time jobs can help us contact with society, an alternative way to get knowledge.
（20）The procedure is not as simple as they are thought.
（21）They really have no better choice but to tolerate.
（22）It is obvious to take into mind that being a public cynosure the first thing one has to be even eager to sacrifice is the privacy in that
（23）She did not regard this use of music as ideal, however, believing that she would someday dispense with music entirely.
（24）The converse observation,…,led Mary to propose the principle of…,which is..

H.信号性标志词
1        1        表示递进：furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, besides
2        2        表示转折：but, yet, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, while, whereas, (al)though, actually, in fact
3        3        结论：in summary, to sum up, thus, consequently, as a consequence, in conclusion, finally
4        4        clearly, obviously